PHP dotenv

Use PHP dotenv to configure your application.

PHP dotenv loads environment variables from .env to getenv(), $_ENV and $_SERVER automagically.

Avoid storing sensitive data in your code. Instead, use the environment or a configuration file. Storing config in the environment is the third factor of The Twelve-Factor App.

composer require vlucas/phpdotenv

Configuration class

Create a wrapper class Configuration to hide the dotenv implementation. Add factory methods to create a configuration from a file and from a string.

<?php
use Dotenv\Dotenv;
use Dotenv\Loader\Loader;
use Dotenv\Parser\Parser;
use Dotenv\Repository\RepositoryBuilder;
use Dotenv\Store\StringStore;

class Configuration
{
    private array $variables = [];

    public function __construct(
        private Dotenv $env
    ) {
        $this->variables = $env->load();
    }

    /**
     * Load configuration from a file.
     *
     * @param string $path
     * @param string $file
     * @return static
     */
    public static function createFromFile(string $path, string $file): self
    {
        $env = Dotenv::createImmutable($path, $file);
        return new self($env);
    }

    /**
     * Load configuration from a string.
     *
     * @param string $content
     * @return static
     */
    public static function createFromString(string $content): self
    {
        $repository = RepositoryBuilder::createWithNoAdapters()
            ->immutable()
            ->addAdapter(ArrayAdapter::create()->get())
            ->make()
        ;
        $env = new Dotenv(new StringStore($content), new Parser(), new Loader(), $repository);
        return new self($env);
    }

Dotenv does not provide a direct method to load from a string. There is a parse method, but that method only returns the loaded variables. When you want to add validation, you need a Dotenv instance. A StringStore is available and createFromString hides the complexity to create and load a Dotenv from a string. Probably createFromString will not be used in production code, but it can be useful in unit tests.

After calling load, all variables will be available in $_SERVER, $_ENV or getenv(). Using these variables all over the place in the code is not a good idea. What happens when a name of a variable needs to change? The content of these variables are not typesafe. Make untyped content as soon as possible typed. IDE's and static code analyzers will make it possible to find errors before the code is released to production. And as an extra, refactoring code will be a lot easier.

A sample: DatabaseConfiguration.

First make a contract between the Configuration class and the several configurations: the Configurable interface:

<?php
declare(strict_types=1);

use Dotenv\Dotenv;

/**
 * Interface Configurable
 */
interface Configurable
{
    public static function createFromVariables(array $variables): self;

    public static function validate(Dotenv $env): void;
}

A database configuration needs a DSN, a user and a password. This class will be the only one that uses the DB_DSN, DB_USER and DB_PASSWORD strings.

<?php
declare(strict_types=1);

use Dotenv\Dotenv;

/**
 * Class DatabaseConfiguration
 */
class DatabaseConfiguration implements Configurable
{
    public function __construct(
        private string $dsn,
        private string $user,
        private string $password
    ) {
    }

    public function getDsn(): string
    {
        return $this->dsn;
    }

    public function getUser(): string
    {
        return $this->user;
    }

    public function getPassword(): string
    {
        return $this->password;
    }

    public static function createFromVariables(array $variables): self
    {
        return new self(
            $variables['DB_DSN'],
            $variables['DB_USER'],
            $variables['DB_PASSWORD']
        );
    }

    public static function validate(Dotenv $env): void
    {
        $env->required([
            'DB_DSN',
            'DB_USER',
            'DB_PASSWORD',
        ]);
    }

    public function createConnection(): PDO
    {
        return new PDO($this->dsn, $this->user, $this->password); 
    }
}

The DatabaseConfiguration is created with a factory method in Configuration:

<?php
    public function getDatabaseConfiguration(): DatabaseConfiguration
    {
        DatabaseConfiguration::validate($this->env);
        return DatabaseConfiguration::createFromVariables($this->variables);
    }

Testing

Testing the configuration is possible using the createFromString method.

These tests are written with PestPHP.

<?php
it('can create a DatabaseConfiguration', function () {
    $configuration = Configuration::createFromString("DB_DSN=<your_dsn>\nDB_USER=test\nDB_PASSWORD=test1234");
    $dbConfiguration = $configuration->getDatabaseConfiguration();
    expect($dbConfiguration->getDsn())
        ->toBe('<your_dsn>')
    ;
    expect($dbConfiguration->getUser())
        ->toBe('test')
    ;
    expect($dbConfiguration->getDsn())
        ->toBe('test1234')
    ;
});

it('detect a missing password in DatabaseConfiguration', function () {
    $configuration = Configuration::createFromString("DB_DSN=<your_dsn>\nDB_USER=test");
    $configuration->getDatabaseConfiguration();
})
    ->expectException(ValidationException::class)
;

getenv and putenv are not thread safe. I've experienced that when running multiple tests. To be sure that only one instance is created of the Configuration class, use a dependency injection container. Or use an ArrayAdapter as seen in createFromString.